Standard care. For medically inoperable stage I non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), guidelines (NCCN) list image-guided ablation as an option, for local control [1]. Stage III disease is treated with concurrent chemoradiation, with or without durvalumab. Stage IV disease is treated with chemotherapy, a checkpoint inhibitor such as pembrolizumab, or targeted therapy for a driver mutation (EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS G12C) [1].
What ablation alone does. Local treatment of the tumor; no systemic effect is expected. Heat-based (thermal) ablation is limited near the heart, mediastinum, brachial plexus, pulmonary vessels and chest wall, which keeps many central and vessel-adjacent tumors off the target list.
What is done here. CT-guided ablation of an accessible tumor, usually with pulsed electric field (PEF) ablation, which uses electrical pulses rather than heat and so can be applied to tumors next to structures that heat would damage, followed in the same session by injection of a combination of immune-active agents into the ablated tumor. The rationale: some lung cancers, including EGFR-mutant adenocarcinomas, are immune-quiet, so intravenous immunotherapy often does little; ablation releases tumor antigens, and the injected agents are intended to drive an immune response to them. This combination is offered under physician review. In our clinical observations, treating one tumor produces responses at untreated sites, and lasting immune memory,.
The procedure, step by step
Case review. CT chest, PET, brain MRI and biomarker reports (PD-L1; EGFR, ALK, ROS1, KRAS, BRAF, MET, RET, NTRK, NRG1) are read by the Williams Cancer Institute team.
Protocol design. The intratumoral combination is tuned to the tumor's immune profile and driver mutation.
Guidance and ablation. CT-guided percutaneous access to an accessible tumor. PEF ablation is the default for central, vessel-adjacent or chest-wall tumors; cryoablation is also used.
Intratumoral injection. Through the same access, into the ablation bed, in the same session.
Setting and time. Most procedures are outpatient under conscious sedation; general anesthesia or an overnight stay is rarely required. About an hour for the procedure and about two hours' recovery.
Follow-up. Imaging at 6 to 8 weeks. Repeat procedures as indicated by response; the number of treatments is decided with the patient's physician. The patient's thoracic, medical and radiation oncology teams are kept informed.
Agents. The injected immunotherapy is a multi-agent combination. The agents and doses are set per patient by the treating physician.
The immune conversion cycle, in clinical terms. Ablation disrupts the tumor and exposes its full antigen repertoire, not a pre-selected subset. The injected immunotherapy then remodels the tumor microenvironment, priming, recruiting and activating immune cells and releasing the brakes on them. Immune-mediated lysis exposes further antigens, which re-prime the response (epitope spreading), producing a broader, polyclonal, systemic response with memory, converting a cold tumor hot. This is WCI’s stated rationale, in Dr. Goodyear’s framing, borne out in our clinical observations.
Evidence. The pharmacological case for the intratumoral route comes from a mouse study: in mice with colorectal tumors and no ablation, anti-CTLA-4 injected into a tumor reached about 14 times the day-7 level of intravenous dosing in that tumor, the untreated tumor received no more than with intravenous dosing, and half the dose reached the blood within an hour [2]. That is mouse data in colorectal cancer; it does not test ablation and does not support a distant-site effect.
The claim that EGFR-mutant and KRAS G12C adenocarcinomas are "immune-excluded" is contested for KRAS: a 2025 meta-analysis found that KRAS-mutant NSCLC had better overall survival on checkpoint inhibitors (hazard ratio 0.89, 95% CI 0.79–0.99), across all KRAS mutations rather than G12C specifically [3]. The combination of PEF or cryoablation plus intratumoral immunotherapy in lung cancer has no randomized trial behind it. The case below is a single case record, not a series with a denominator.
Sources[1] National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; version not stated.[2] Meyblum L, et al. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 2023. PMID 37949616.[3] Meta-analysis of checkpoint inhibitor outcomes in KRAS-mutant NSCLC. Current Oncology 2025. PMID 40558308.[4] Shree T, et al. Clinical Cancer Research 2025. PMID 39745391.